THE UNIVERSE..................

                                                                       THE UNIVERSE
The solar system consists of the Sun and 9 planets
revolving around it in different orbits. The statistics of
the sun and the planets are given below :
                   SUN
Age : About 5 Billion years
Distance : 149.8 Million Kms
Diameter : 1,38,400 Kms.
Photosphere temperature : 5,770 K
Core temperature : 150,000,000 K
Absolute visual magnitude : 4.75
Rotation (as seen from the
earth at the equator) : 25.38 days
Rotation (near the poles) : 33 days
The sun consists of 71% of Hydrogen, 26.5% Helium and
2.5% of other elements.
The rays of the Sun take about 8 minutes to reach the
earth.
PLANETS
(1) MERCURY : It is the planet nearest to
the earth.
Average distance
to the Sun : 57.6 Million Kms.
Diameter : 4,849.6 Kms.
Period of revolution : 88 days
Period of rotation : 58 days 15 hrs 30 mts. 34
sec.
(2) VENUS : It is also known as the
Morning Star or the
Evening Star. It is the
brightest of all the
planets.
Diameter : 12,032 Kms.
Period of revolution : 225 days
Period of rotation : 243 days 14mts.
(3) EARTH
Equatorial diameter : 12,756 Kms.
Polar diameter : 12,714 Kms.
Distance from the Sun : 149,597,900 Kms.
Period of revolution : 365 days 5 hrs, 48 mts,
45.51 sec.
Period of rotation : 23 hrs 56 mts. 4.09 sec.
LATEST STUDY MATERIALS WITH KEY POINTS
GENERAL KNOWLEDGE
(4) MARS
Diameter : 6,755.2 Kms.
Distance from the Sun : 225.6 Million Kms.
Period of revolution : 687 days
Period of rotation : 24 hrs 37 mts. 22.663 sec.
(5) JUPITER : This is the largest planet
in the solar system.
Diameter : 141,968 Kms.
Distance from the Sun : 772.8 Million Kms.
Period of revolution : 11.9 years
Period of rotation : 9 hrs 50 mts. 30 sec.
(6) SATURN : It was discovered by
Galileo.
Diameter : 119,296 Kms.
Distance from the Sun : 1,417.6 Million Kms.
Period of revolution : 29.5 years
Period of rotation : 10 hrs 14 mts.
(7) URANUS
Diameter : 52,096 Kms.
Distance from the Sun : 2,852.8 Million Kms.
Period of revolution : 84 years
Period of rotation : 16 hrs 10 mts.
(8) NEPTUNE
Diameter : 49,000 Kms.
Distance from the Sun : 4,497 Million Kms.
Period of revolution : 165 years
Period of rotation : 18 hrs 26 mts.
(9) PLUTO : This is the coldest and
smallest of all planets. It
is also the most distant
one.
Diameter : 3,040 Kms.
Distance from the Sun : 5,865.6 Million Kms.
Period of revolution : 248 years
Period of rotation : 6 days 9 hrs and 18 mts.
MOON : Moon is earth's satellite.
Its period of rotation and
Period of Revolution are
the same. i.e.29.5days.
                                                    THE EARTH DATA
Surface Area : 510,100,500 Sq.Kms.
Land Surface : 148,950,800 Sq.Kms.
(29.08%)
Water Surface : 361,149,700 Sq.Kms.
(70.92%)
Equatorial circumference : 40,075 Kms.
Polar circumference : 40,008 Kms
Equatorial radius : 6,377 Kms.
Equatorial Diameter : 1,22,756 Kms.
Polar radius : 6,357 Kms.
Polar Diameter : 12,714 Kms.
Mean distance from the
Sun : 14,95,97,900 Kms.
Period of revolution : 365 days 5 hours 48 mts.
45.51 Sec.
Period of rotation : 23 hrs. 56 mts. 4.091 Sec.
Escape Velocity from
the earth : 11 Km per Sec. (minimum)

Geographical Sobriquets (Surname)

Geographical Sobriquets (Surname)

Surname	Name
Bengal’s Sorrow	Damodar River
Blue Mountains	Nilgiri Hills
City of Sky-scrapers	New York
City of Seven Hills	Rome
City of Dreaming Spires	Oxford
City of palaces	Kolkata
City of Golden Gate	San Francisco
City of Magnificent Buildings	Washington D.C.
City of Eternal Springs	Quito(S.America)
China’s Sorrow	Hwang Ho
Cockpit of Europe	Belgium
Dark Continent	Africa
Emerald Isle	Ireland
Eternal City	Rome
Empire City	New York
Forbidden City	Lhasa (Tibet)
Garden City	Chicago
Gate of Tears	Strait of Bab-el Mandeb
Gateway of India	Mumbai
Gift of the Nile	Eqypt
Granite City	Aberdeen (Scotland)
Hermit Kingdom	Korea
Herring Pond	Atlantic Ocean
Holy Land	Jerusalem
Island Continent	Australia
Island of Cloves	Zanzibar
Isle of Pearls	Bahrein (Peesian Gulf)
Key of the Mediterranean	Gibralter
Land of Cakes	Scotland
Land of Golden Fleece	Australia
Land of Maple Leaf	Canada
Land of Midnight Sun	Norway
Land of the Thousand Lakes	Finland
Land of the Thunderbolt	Bhutan
Land of white Elephant	Thailand
Land of Five Rivers	Punjab
Land of Thousand Elephants	Laos
Land of Rising Sun	Japan
Loneliest Island	Tristan De Gunha (Mid-Atlantic)
Manchester of Japan	Osaka
Pillars of Hercules	Strait of Gibraltar
Pearl of the Antilles	Cuba
Playground of Europe	Switzerland
Quaker City	Philadelphia
Queen of the Adriatic	Venice
Roof of the World	The Pamirs
Rose Pink City	Jaipur
Sugar bowl of the World	Cuba
Venice of the North	Stockholm
Windy City	Chicago
Whirteman’s grave	Guinea Coast of Africa
Yellow River	Huang Ho (China)

  thanks and regard

dharmveer.......

IMPORTANT LIST OF ORGANIZATION AND SUMMIT – 2014 - 2015

IMPORTANT LIST OF ORGANIZATION AND SUMMIT – 2014 - 2015

●1. BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) Summits
4th BRICS Summit 2012 – New Delhi, India
5th BRICS Summit 2013 – Durban, South Africa
6th BRICS Summit 2014 – Fortaleza, Brazil
7th BRICS Summit 2015 – Ufa Russia
●2. G-8 Annual Summits:-
Group of Eight (G8) Countries – France, Germany, Italy, Japan, United Kingdom, United States of America, Canada, Russia.
37th G8 Meeting 2011 – Deauville, France
38th G8 Meeting 2012 – David camp, USA
39th G8 Summit 2013 – County Fermanagh, UK
40th G8 Summit 2014 – Russia
Note: The 40th G8 summit was due to be held in Russia in 2014. The meeting was planned for 4–5 June 2014 at the Black Sea resort of Sochi. However, the other
seven countries decided on 24 March that a summit would be held without Russia, in Brussels, Belgium. G7 countries refuse to attend planned G8 summit in Russia.
●3. G-7 Summit 2014- Brussels, Belgium.
Date- 4 June 2014 – 5 June 2014
It was the first time that the EU hosted a G7 summit. Originally, a G8 summit was scheduled to take place in Sochi (Russia) in early June 2014 under a Russian presidency. Due to the Russian Federation's violation of Ukraine's sovereignty and territorial integrity, the G7 leaders decided to meet in Brussels on 4-5 June 2014 in the G7 format instead.
●4. G-20 Summits
7th G 20 Meeting 2012 – Los Cabos, Mexico
8th G 20 Meeting 2013 – Saint Petersburg, Russia
9th G 20 Meeting 2014 – Brisbane, Australia
10th G 20 Meeting 2015 – Turkey
●5. SAARC Summits
SAARC – South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (Meeting is held for South Asian Free Trade)
Members: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka
17th SAARC Summit 2011– Addu, Maldives
18th SAARC Summit 2014 – Kathmandu, Nepal (in November 2014).
19th SAARC Summit 2015 – Islamabad, Pakistan
●6. ASEAN Summits
ASEAN – Association of South East Asian Nation
19th ASEAN Summit 2011 (November) – Bali, Indonesia
20th ASEAN Summit 2012 (April) – Phnom penh, Cambodia
21th ASEAN Summit 2012 (November)– Phnom penh, Cambodia
22nd ASEAN Summit 2013 (April) – Brunei Darussalam, Brunei
23rd ASEAN Summit 2013 (October) -Brunei Darussalam, Brunei
24th ASEAN Summit 2014 (May) – Naypyidaw, Myanmar
25th ASEAN Summit 2014 (November) - Naypyidaw, Myanmar
●7. ASEAN-India Summit
9th ASEAN-India Summit 2011 – Bali, Indonesia
10th ASEAN-India Summit 2012 – Phnom penh, Cambodia
11th ASEAN-India Summit 2013 - Brunei Darussalam, Brunei (October)
12th ASEAN-India Summit 2014 - Naypyidaw, Myanmar (in November, 2014)
●8. East Asia Summit (EAS)
EAS meetings are held after annual ASEAN leaders’ meetings.
Members: Australia, India, New Zealand, Russia, United States.
6th East Asia Summit 2011 – Bali, Indonesia
7th East Asia Summit 2012 – Phnom penh, Cambodia
8th East Asia Summit 2013 – Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam, 10
October 2013
●9. IBSA Dialogue Forum
IBSA Dialogue Forum (India, Brazil, South Africa) is an international tripartite grouping for promoting international cooperation among these countries.
Members: India, Brazil, South Africa.
5th IBSA Summit 2011 – Pretoria, South Africa
6th IBSA Summit 2013 – New Delhi, India
7th IBSA Summit 2015 – New Delhi, India
Note: India will host the next summit of IBSA (India, Brazil, South Africa) in New Delhi in 2015.
●10. APEC Summits
APEC – Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation
23rd APEC summit 2011 – Honolulu, USA
24th APEC Summit 2012 – Vladivostok, Russia
25th APEC Summit 2013 – Medan/Jakarta, Indonesia
26th APEC Summit 2014 – China
27th APEC Summit 2015 – Philippines
28th APEC Summit 2016 – Lima, Peru
●11. OPEC Seminars
OPEC – Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
4th OPEC International Seminar 2009 – Vienna, Austria
5th OPEC International Seminar 2012 – Vienna, Austria
6th OPEC International Seminar 2015 – Vienna, Austria

thanks and regards

dharm............